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Electric charge

In the Simple Universe model, electric charge is a consequnce of the direction of movement on the outer surface of a particle

This means, that in the model, all the particles are pieces of electric charge

The model achieves equal but opposite amounts of electric charge for the electron and the proton, by using a positron for the proton's internal positive electric charge

In the Simple Universe model, the particles of matter are torus shaped particles that are constructed using the model's elementary strand particle

The elementary strand particle is a particle that moves at a continuous single constant speed, against the model's static universal reference frame, in three dimensional space

The torus shaped electron has permanent internal movement in its sides that, depending on your direction of view, can be considered as either moving in the 'up' direction, or moving in the 'down' direction

And the torus shaped electron also has permanent internal movement in its circular torus that again, depending on your direction of view, can be considered as either moving in a 'clock-wise' direction, or moving in an 'anti-clockwise' direction

The positron has a similar structure to the electron, but the direction of the positron's permanent internal movement is different to the electron's permanent internal movement

The difference in the electron and positron's internal movement creates the concept of positive and negative electric charge in the model

In the model, when an electron and a positron have the same direction in their internal circular movements, then they have opposite directions in their internal side movements

And when an electron and a positron have the same direction in their internal side movements, then they have opposite directions in their internal circular movements

In the model, positive electric charge is defined as 'clock-wise' internal circular movement and 'down' side movement

Or if flipped 180 degrees, is defined as 'anticlock-wise' internal circular movement and 'up' side movement

And negative electric charge is defined as 'clock-wise' internal circular movement and 'up' side movement

Or if flipped 180 degrees, is defined as 'anticlock-wise' internal circular movement and 'down' side movement

The following animation shows a cutaway view of the shapes and structures of the model's subatomic particles, the  SloMo  button toggles the slow mode on / off, with slow mode on, moving the mouse over the animation will slow roll the animation forward, the  Particles  button steps through the particles, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

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Magnetic moments

When they are stationary, the electron and the proton in the Simple Universe model, have an even distribution of electric charge in their structures

It is when the electron and the proton move, that their structures form an uneven distribution of electric charge, and the electron and the proton gain magnetic moments

In the Simple Universe model, the particles of matter are torus shaped particles that are constructed using the model's elementary strand particle

The elementary strand particle is a particle that moves at a continuous single constant speed, against the model's static universal reference frame, in three dimensional space

In the model, when an electron moves forward, the electron's internal strand particles that are moving in the forward direction, bunch up on that side of the electron

And the internal strand particles that are moving away from the forward direction, stretch out on that side of the electron

As a suggestion, this uneven spatial distribution of electric charge in a moving electron, gives a moving electron in the model a magnetic moment

As a suggestion, this is also true for a moving proton in the model

When a proton in the model moves forward, the proton's internal strand particles that are moving towards the forward direction, bunch up in that part of the proton

And the internal strand particles that are moving away from the forward direction, stretch out in that part of the proton

This produces an uneven spatial distribution of the positive and negative electric charges that are inside the two 'neutral' particles of the proton, and as a suggestion, this gives a moving proton in the model a magnetic moment

The following animation shows the even spatial distribution of electric charge in a stationary proton and a stationary electron in the Simple Universe model, the  SloMo  button toggles the slow mode on / off, with slow mode on, moving the mouse over the animation will slow roll the animation forward, the  Move Forwards  button start / stops the particles moving forwards, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

The following animation shows the uneven spatial distribution of electric charge in a moving proton and a moving electron in the Simple Universe model, the  SloMo  button toggles the slow mode on / off, with slow mode on, moving the mouse over the animation will slow roll the animation forward, the  Move Faster  button increases / stops the particles moving forwards, the  Run  button start / stops the animation (any of the buttons can be used in pause mode)

For reference, here is a YouTube video (2021) that discusses the magnetic moment of the electron (from the YouTube channel Khan Academy)

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Electric fields

The Simple Universe model has only one type of force-carrying particle, the model's electric field particle

This means that in the Simple Universe model, the model's electric field particles are required to be responsible for electric fields, magnetic fields, and gravitational fields

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Magnetic fields

The Simple Universe model has only one type of force-carrying particle, the model's electric field particle

This means that in the Simple Universe model, the model's electric field particles are required to be responsible for electric fields, magnetic fields, and gravitational fields

In the Simple Universe model, the particles of matter are torus shaped particles that are constructed using the model's elementary strand particle

The elementary strand particle is a particle that moves at a continuous single constant speed, against the model's static universal reference frame, in three dimensional space

In the model, the particles of matter emit their electric field particles in a periodic manner, via gaps that open and close on the surface of their torus rings

As a suggestion, when an electron in the model moves, the electron elongates its perfectly round torus shape

And emits its negative electric field particles in a more forward direction, rather than equally in all directions, as when it is stationary

As a suggestion, when a free electron travels down a wire, the free electron moves forwards in a circular loop that is aligned with the wire

Causing a higher proportion of negative electric field particles to emanate in a cone pattern that is aligned with the wire

And therefore, an unbalanced proportion of positive electric field particles in all of the other directions

The positive electric field particles come from the protons in the wire, which continue to emit their positive electric field particles equally in all directions

As a suggestion, some of the electrons in a magnet, move within the magnet in aligned parallel circular paths

This causes the magnet to show a negative electric field emanating parallel to the plane of the aligned circular paths, and a positive electric field in all of the other directions

As a suggestion, when an object that is overall neutral, has from each point within the object, a higher proportion of its negative electric field particles emitted parallel to a plane

Then the object has a magnetic field

For reference, here is a YouTube video (2020) that discusses how the path of a charged particle is affected when moving through a magnetic field (from the YouTube channel Khan Academy)

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Gravitational fields

The Simple Universe model has only one type of force-carrying particle, the model's electric field particle

This means that in the Simple Universe model, the model's electric field particles are required to be responsible for electric fields, magnetic fields, and gravitational fields

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Atomic nuclei

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For reference, here is a YouTube video (2024) of Dr. Angela Collier discussing quarks and chromodynamics (from the YouTube channel acollierastro)

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When a particle changes direction

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Stern-Gerlach experiment

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For reference, here is a YouTube video (2013) of Dr Bob Eagle discussing particle angular momentum and particle spin (from the YouTube channel DrPhysicsA)

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Uncertainty principle

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Reflection

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Refraction

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Plane polarisation

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Circular polarisation

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Doppler shift

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Spectrum of light

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Adjusting scale

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Types of logic

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The representation of things

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Knowledge and understanding

Knowledge and understanding are similar to one another, but perhaps they are not always exactly the same as each other

For example, when asking why a weight falls to the ground, one could perhaps reply that the weight falls because the earth pulls on the weight

Such a reply answers what happens, which is knowledge, but only partially answers the why, for one could then ask why does the earth pull on the weight, and so on

It could be argued that it is not possible to ever fully answer a why question

However, I wonder if perhaps, like knowledge, for some why questions, it is possible to answer the why question completely

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